Minority Rights and Government Propaganda

There are officially 55 ethnic minority groups in China, Tibetan classified as one of these groups.  The population of China is made up of the Han ethnic group and the 55 other minorities.  While there are many ethnic groups, the Han Chinese dominate with over 91% of the population. Tibetans account for less than 0.5% of the population of China, but are among the most  highly recognisable groups by foreigners.  “China has a complex relationship with its minorities, many of whom chaff under Chinese rule” including the outspoken Tibetans (Montefiore, 2013).  While Tibet struggles to resist Chinese occupation of the region, their minority status is becoming more and more prominent and problematic.  In response to anti-occupation demonstrations, the government of the People’s Republic of China supported the movement of large numbers of Han Chinese into the Tibetan Region.  This mass migration had had a profound effect on the region.  For Tibetan employment and education, Tibetan languages have “little or no status” as the government mandates that Mandarin is exclusively used (World Directory of Minorities, 2008).  This language replacement process is a main reason for the disproportionate exclusion of Tibetans from the workplace.  

“The People’s Republic wants Tibetans and Uyghurs to sing and dance on TV- but do little else” (Montefiore, 2013).  The Chinese government has tried to hide these issues by exoticising the traditional practices and cultures of the many minorities.  Traditional dress, dance, and song are presented in shows of minority culture and propagated to tourists.  

Tibetans dance and play traditional music in government sponsored minority shows.

By romanticising these minority groups in propaganda commercials to seem pure, peaceful, and exotic, the Chinese government covers up the issues these minorities face with the upswell of tourism and increased control by an imposed government.  

Death & Burial in the Land of Snow

Warning: Content and Images may be disturbing

Centimetres below the ground surface, most of Tibet’s topsoil turns into solid rock or permafrost.  The geography of Tibet is classified as Tundra, where the growth of trees is hindered by the high altitude temperatures.  The general inability to dig deep into the ground and lack forests leaves the question of what is done with someone in Tibet when they die.  Cremation is saved for high monks and aristocrats, and Lamas receive a Stupa Burial.  The most common burial for Tibetans is a Sky Burial.  

Sky burials are deeply connected with the religious practices of the area. The Sky Burial is practiced to help bring about the rebirth or unification of consciousness, and is a way of disposing of human remains by feeding living beings in the form of vultures. 

Monks take the bodies to Charnel Grounds where the ceremony takes place.  Bodies are then cut in specific ways to help in the consumption.  By burning incense, the monks summon vultures, that then swarm and eat the bodies.  This ceremony shows the insignificance of the physical body and helps guide the consciousness on. 

Warning: This video contains Graphic Images

This type of burial may seem very disturbing for those who have never expereinced it and don’t understand the meaning and significance of the burial.  While western earth burials are generally clean and unseen, the Sky burial is completed in the open.  This traditional burial can be shocking with gruesome images and sounds lingering on long after the ceremony is complete.  Most non-Tibetans will not have the chance to experience this unique burial as relatives and monks are generally the only ones present.  Respect of this tradition is essential for those traveling to Tibet.  To protect the tradition as well as the tourists, travellers must prevent themselves from imposing their beliefs and presence on the ceremonies.  

Tibet on Fire

WARNING: Contains Graphic Images

When many think of Tibet, they think of a world lost in time, an area isolated and untouched.  An image of harmony, Buddhist monks, and untouched landscape is what is fed to those outside of the region by China.  However, the Tibetan region has been an area of deep unrest and discontent.  Since China’s invasion in1949, Tibet has suffered over 60 years of Chinese Occupation.  The tension and hostility between the people of Tibet and China has forced Tibet’s religious leader, the Dali Llama, to live in exile in India since 1959.  Many of the Tibetan riots such as those recent in 2008, 2010, 2011, and 2012, gave the Chinese government the opportunity to blame such violence on the supporters of the Dali Llama.  Peaceful protests by monks have turned into “bloody rioting and sparked demonstrations” as anger with the Chinese government flared.  Between 2011 and 2012, 16 monks, nuns, and protesters have set themselves on fire in self-immolation, causing an influx of Chinese soldiers sent into Tibet by the government.

The Chinese government has supported the policy of population transfer where there has been a huge influx of Hans Chinese moving into the Tibetan Plateau.  Han Chinese population has overtaken that of Tibetans in the area “reduce(ing) the Tibetans to a minority in theirown country”.  China’s tightening of security forces, and control of population and economy “threatens the very existence of Tibetan culture, religion and national identity”.  While the Chinese government continues its occupation of Tibet, their tactics include “sweeping signs of discontentunder the rug and repressing any group” that tries to shatter the harmonious façade they have made for Tibet. 

Clearly, the Roof of the World and Land of Snow isn’t as untouchable as once thought.

Tsampa Eaters

Due to the incredible altitude of the Tibetan Plateau, many crops struggle to grow.  The plateau has an average altitude of 4,500 meters and when temperatures plunge below -9° Celsius, a special kind of food is needed to maintain life.  Luckily for Tibetans, their barley is a high altitude crop that is able to withstand Arctic Circle temperatures.  To put it simply, barley is the most important crop in Tibet and a stable of their diet.  Only a few regions have a low enough temperature to enable the growth of rice, bananas, and other crops. 

Out of this grain, Tsampa is made using roasted barley flour (a staple for many dishes).  Tsampa is prepared by pouring some leftover tea in a bowl and adding a heap of tsampa.  The bowl is then mixed by hand until a dough like substance has formed.  Butter tea usually accompanies the consumption of prepared Tsampa. 

Other foods made out of the Tsampa barley grain include: flatbread called Balep, steamed bread called Tingmo, and fried dough called Sokham Bexe. 

Balep

Sokham Bexe

Tingmo

Tsampa is very engrained in Tibetan lifesyles through food and identity.  The eating of tsampa in Tibet has led to a self-proclaimed nickname “tsampa-eaters”.  This nickname has a unifying effect for the younger generation of Tibetans who are trying to “resist China’s Occupation” (Lhakar Diaries). 

Although not much grows on the top of the world, the presence of barley and tsampa have shaped the diets as well as the identities of people from the Tibetan Plateau.

Hiddin in the Himalayas

Dominating the landscape of Southeast China, the Himalayan mountain range soars above the high Tibetan Plateau.  This range contains nine of the world’s ten tallest peaks as a result of the convergence of the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate.  Plate tectonics led to the collision of these two plates 40- 50 million years ago.  This collision of two continental plates drove the development of the Himalayan range as well as the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.  The uplift of the region has had a dramatic effect on the lifestyle and culture of those living in this isolated territory. 

Among the Himalayan peaks, the most universally recognized is Chomolungma, more commonly referred to as Mount Everest.  This peak towers above the rest at 8,848 m above sea level, making it the tallest mountain in the world.  This peak and the Tibetan Plateau are among the highest areas of the world, giving in the nickname “roof of the world”. 

Due to the incredible elevation of the Himalayas and the plateau, Tibet remained relatively untouched well into the mid 1700’s.  This isolation allowed Tibetan Culture to develop unique traditions and practices particularly with their political and cultural system.  Aspects of Buddhism are found in almost all aspects of life due to the religion’s historical presence in the region. 

 The Himalayas and Mount Everest have caught the eye of people worldwide. However, the isolation of Tibet, created by its unique geography, allows the Chinese government to tightly control the region. The image of isolation and natural wonder surrounding the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau draws over 1.45 million tourists, particularly from other parts of China.  The exploitation of Tibetan Culture by tourism is slowly causing assimilation within the unique practices, rituals, and lifestyle that defines the region.